Frequently Asked Questions

Music rights are intellectual property rights that protect the creative work of songwriters, composers, artists, and producers. They generate income, called royalties, each time a musical work is used commercially: streamed, broadcast on radio or television, played in public spaces, used in films, ads, or video games. On Bolero, you can invest in two categories of music rights: publishing rights (protecting lyrics and composition) and master rights (protecting the sound recording).

Bolero is a marketplace that enables individuals and businesses to invest in revenues generated by fractional music intellectual property, in just a few clicks. Bolero's objective is to democratise music investment, generating a new source of income for creators while preserving their creative control.

Any artist, producer, composer, label, or publisher who owns music rights, whether master and/or publishing, either in their own name or through a company, can apply to list assets on Bolero.

Yes. You can use a banking card to buy Song Shares and Catalog Shares on the primary market. For secondary market purchases, you first need to top up your Bolero cash wallet or crypto wallet using a banking card, then use those funds to transact.

To list an asset for sale on the secondary market, you must: (1) hold at least one share of the asset you wish to sell, and (2) pay the listing fee (less than €0.01) from your crypto wallet.

Song Shares and Catalog Shares make the holder an economic partner, a beneficiary of the income generated by a song or a group of songs. They do not confer voting rights, creative control, or ownership of the underlying music rights.

Bolero requires all users to complete identity verification (KYC for individuals, KYB for companies) in order to comply with applicable anti-money laundering (AML) and financial regulations, including requirements from the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF). Completing your verification is necessary to access the primary and secondary markets and to receive royalty payments. This verification is also required to activate your cash wallet and virtual IBAN, powered by Mangopay.

Bolero XP is the community experience system. XP (experience points) are earned as you perform actions on the platform. As your XP grows, you progress through levels, unlock increasingly prestigious roles, and earn rewards such as discounts.

Bolero operates as an issuer and/or mandatary for public bond issuances backed by music rights, in compliance with the applicable framework for public offerings, including the filing of a Document d'Information Synthétique (DIS) with the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF). Bolero is also a registered agent of Mangopay, a regulated Electronic Money Institution (EMI) supervised by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg, which provides the cash wallet and payment infrastructure. For any regulatory questions, please contact us at support@boleromusic.com.

No. Purchases of Song Shares and Catalog Shares are final. Once an investment is made, no right of withdrawal applies, in accordance with applicable European regulations on financial instruments. Funds deposited into your cash wallet or crypto wallet but not yet invested can be withdrawn at any time. By completing a purchase on Bolero, you acknowledge and accept these conditions as set out in our Terms of Service.

Earnings from your music assets, whether royalties or capital gains, may be subject to taxation depending on the laws in your country of residence. To track your capital gains, go to account settings > 'Documents' to generate a personalised report. Note for EU tax residents: in many EU countries, including France, income from music rights may be subject to specific tax treatment, such as the Flat Tax (Prélèvement Forfaitaire Unique, PFU) in France. In this context, only amounts converted from EURC to EUR and withdrawn to a bank account are generally taxable. Tax regulations vary by jurisdiction. We strongly recommend consulting a tax advisor in your country of residence to ensure compliance. This information is provided for general informational purposes only and does not constitute tax advice.

All Bolero users can see your song portfolio if they visit your profile page.

Yes. You can follow other users and receive notifications about their activity on the platform.

Bolero allows individual and professional investors to purchase tokenised debt instruments called Song Shares and Catalog Shares, backed by future revenues from music rights. These instruments grant access to a proportional share of royalties from the commercial use of music, up to a maximum of €8 million in total value per asset and/or 150 individual investors. A Song Share corresponds to a share of income from a specific song (publishing or master rights). A Catalog Share operates on the same principle but applies to a curated group of tracks. In both cases, the investor acquires a proportional claim on revenues actually received by the rights holder, without acquiring ownership of the rights themselves. Once acquired, assets can be held to generate recurring income, or resold via the Board on the secondary market.

Publishing rights protect the underlying composition of a musical work, including the lyrics and the musical score. They are created by songwriters and composers, and are typically owned by the publisher and/or the songwriter. Publishing rights generate royalties each time the composition is used commercially.

Song Shares and Catalog Shares give artists, producers, and composers a unique way to monetise a discretionary portion of their master or publishing rights at a fair price, without surrendering creative control over their work, and while continuing to benefit from secondary market activity through an ongoing commission on each resale.

Yes. You can connect an external crypto wallet to Bolero to make purchases on the primary and secondary markets. The wallet must be connected to the Base network and funded with EURC (and a small amount of ETH to cover network fees). You can also fund your wallet directly from your Bolero wallet settings.

You can list an asset for sale from the Market page or from the asset's detail page. Select the asset you wish to sell, enter the number of shares and your desired unit price, then confirm. Your listing will appear on the Board and be visible to all users on the platform.

Bolero's Music Department curates the catalog with a balance between established and developing artists. It has three complementary missions: (1) monitoring industry trends to detect and support emerging talent; (2) evaluating and advising artists who apply to list on Bolero; (3) building and animating an ecosystem of industry partners (management, labels, producers). New songs are added on an ongoing basis, according to their artistic cycles and community interest.

No. Bolero verifies the validity of the music rights (master and/or publishing) attached to each asset, but does not guarantee the value of the asset over time. The value of Song Shares and Catalog Shares may fluctuate and you may receive less than you invested. Please refer to our Terms of Service and to the risk section of each asset's issuance document.

In the event of Bolero's dissolution, the company would seek to ensure the continuity of your investment through one or more of the following mechanisms: (i) repurchase of the underlying rights by the original creator or issuer; (ii) resale of the underlying rights on the private market; (iii) activation of the cession de créance (assignment of receivables) security attached to each asset, which, upon notification to third-party debtors (performing rights organisations, co-publishers, etc.), transfers the right to collect royalties directly to bondholders. Full details of these protective mechanisms are set out in the contractual documentation available at each asset's issuance.

No. Your Bolero account is not considered a foreign financial account under French or EU tax law. The music rights you hold are kept in your personal wallet, which you control entirely. No foreign account is opened in your name through Bolero, and no foreign account reporting obligation applies in this context. However, tax obligations vary by jurisdiction. We recommend consulting a tax advisor to confirm your specific situation.

If you do not complete your KYC/KYB verification, your access to the primary and secondary markets will be suspended. You will still be able to view your portfolio and holdings, but you will not be able to buy or sell assets or receive royalty payments until verification is completed. We strongly recommend completing verification to maintain full access to your account.

XP levels are milestones you reach based on the number of experience points accumulated. There are 20 levels to reach on Bolero. For more details, find your Bolero XP section in your dashboard > Community > Quests.

Only you can see the total value of your portfolio and the royalties you have earned. This information is private and not visible to other users.

If a user signs up using your referral link and completes their first purchase, you will receive 80 XP points.

Master recording rights protect a specific sound recording, the version of a song as performed and recorded by artists and musicians. It is an economic right protecting the recording itself, as distinct from the underlying composition. Master rights are typically owned by the record label or the producer.

A Song Share is a tokenised debt instrument, specifically a bond represented as a digital asset, giving its holder the right to receive a proportional share of the future income generated by a single musical work, from either publishing rights (lyrics and composition) or master rights (recording). Song Shares are issued by a rights holder who chooses to monetise a portion of the revenues from a specific song. Each Song Share entitles the holder to a share of royalties actually collected from the commercial use of that work.

Listings remain on the market indefinitely, until the seller cancels them or another user accepts them.

Assets on Bolero are secured by three mechanisms: (1) Blockchain registration: each asset is recorded on the Base blockchain, guaranteeing the traceability and immutability of ownership. (2) Legal contract: every asset is backed by a contract signed by the rights holder and Bolero's legal representative. (3) Investor custody: assets are held in crypto wallets assigned to each user account, fully independent of Bolero's platform infrastructure.

Yes. Payments on Bolero are possible in EURC, a euro-backed stablecoin on the Base network. EURC is the platform's reference stablecoin following the transition from USDC.

The average annual yield (APY) is an indicator showing the annualised percentage return you have received, based on your transaction history and royalties earned. It is updated regularly. Important: this figure is based on past activity and is not a projection of future performance.

Roles are designations assigned based on the level you have reached. They are unlocked in the following order: Newbie, New Talent, Curator, Specialist, Prodigy, Phenomenon, Boss, Legend. Roles recognise and highlight the most engaged users on the platform. For more details, find your Bolero XP section in your dashboard > Community > Quests.

Investing in music rights on Bolero involves risks you should carefully consider before investing. Key risks include: (1) Royalty variability: royalty income depends on the commercial performance of the music catalog, which can fluctuate based on streaming trends, licensing activity, and market conditions. Past royalty payments are not a guarantee of future income. (2) Liquidity risk: while a secondary market exists, there is no guarantee that you will be able to sell your assets at any given time or at a desired price. (3) Long-term nature: Song Shares and Catalog Shares are long-term instruments with no fixed maturity date other than the legal expiry of the underlying rights. (4) No capital guarantee: Bolero does not guarantee the value of your investment. You may receive less than you invested. (5) Platform risk: while your assets are held in your personal wallet, operational disruption could affect royalty collection and distribution. Investing on Bolero may not be suitable for everyone. We recommend consulting a qualified financial advisor before making any investment decision. This information does not constitute financial advice.

You can delete your Bolero account from your account settings. Please note that if you delete your account, all account data and activity history will be permanently lost, and any assets you hold will not be recoverable by Bolero. We recommend selling or transferring your assets before requesting deletion.

You can learn more about our approach to creator partnerships on our For Creators page. To get in touch with our Music team directly, please fill in the following form.

Publishing rights generate royalties from: audiovisual licences (films, TV shows, video games, advertisements), public performance (concerts, live events), public broadcasting (radio, television), royalties for public venues (cafés, hotels, restaurants, nightclubs), and synchronisation contracts (placement of lyrics and score in films, TV shows, or commercials).

A Catalog Share is a tokenised debt instrument, specifically a bond represented as a digital asset, granting the holder a proportional share of revenues generated by a curated collection of musical works, based on publishing or master rights. Catalog Shares are issued by a rights holder who chooses to monetise a portion of the future revenues from their catalog. Each Catalog Share entitles the holder to a share of royalties effectively collected from the commercial exploitation of all works in the catalog.

The commission on secondary market sales ranges from 1.7% to 3%, charged to the seller.

Click on the wallet icon at the top right of your dashboard and select "Deposit" or "Withdraw", then choose one of our regulated payment partners: Coinbase, Transak, or MoonPay. These providers handle deposits and withdrawals via banking card or bank transfer. Note: these partners may request identity verification (KYC) to process the transaction. You can also use your virtual IBAN to receive bank transfers directly into your Bolero cash wallet. Withdrawals to a bank account are processed within 3 to 7 business days. Depending on your bank, some transfers may arrive in under 24 hours.

Song Shares and Catalog Shares are structured as bonds. Each bond matures on the earlier of two dates: (i) the date on which all copyrights in the underlying music catalog are sold or otherwise transferred by the issuer (the "Total Sale Date"), or (ii) the date on which all copyrights legally expire under applicable intellectual property law, which for most musical works corresponds to 70 years after the death of the last surviving songwriter (the "Legal Expiry Date"). In practice, these instruments are designed for long-term investment. The secondary market provides investors with the option to exit their position before maturity.

Bolero collects and processes your personal data in accordance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). You have the right to access, rectify, and request the deletion of your personal data, as well as rights to portability and objection. For full details on how your data is collected, used, and protected, please consult our Privacy Policy. To exercise your rights, contact us at support@boleromusic.com.

The Watchlist is a personalised list you can build by clicking the star icon on any asset. It allows you to receive notifications about the market activity and commercial performance of each asset you are tracking.

The Bolero XP leaderboard ranks users according to the total number of XP they have accumulated since creating their account.

To purchase listed assets, create an account on Bolero, complete your identity verification (KYC), and use a valid payment method such as a banking card or your Bolero crypto wallet. Once you have selected the shares you wish to acquire, proceed to payment. The assets are then securely transferred to the crypto wallet associated with your account. Note: when you start a purchase, the selected shares are reserved for you for 5 minutes. After that, they are returned to the market.

Master rights generate royalties from: streaming and online listening, online video clip views, digital downloads, physical sales (CDs, vinyl, cassettes), and synchronisation contracts (placement of the sound recording in films, TV shows, or commercials).

As part of Bolero's platform upgrade, each user account now includes a cash wallet with a virtual IBAN issued in your name by Mangopay, a regulated Electronic Money Institution (EMI) supervised by the CSSF (Luxembourg). This cash wallet can be used on both the primary and secondary markets, and is where EUR royalty payments are credited if you choose that option. Your virtual IBAN allows you to receive bank transfers directly into your Bolero cash wallet. Note: funds held in your cash wallet are electronic money and are not covered by the French Fonds de Garantie des Dépôts et de Résolution (FGDR).

No. Because Bolero uses blockchain as its register, transfers of assets between wallets are final and cannot be reversed.

You can reach Bolero's customer support team by email at support@boleromusic.com. We aim to respond to all enquiries as promptly as possible.

To earn XP for a daily login, each login must occur within 24 hours of your previous login. For example, if you log in at 10:00 on Monday, you will be eligible for XP if you log in between 10:01 on Tuesday and 09:59 on Wednesday.

You can add or remove assets from your Watchlist by clicking the star icon on any asset page or listing.

To sell assets on Bolero, you must own them and have a crypto wallet linked to your account. When the secondary market for a given asset is open, you can place sell orders for other investors to fill. From your Dashboard or the Market page, select the asset, enter the number of shares and your desired unit price, then confirm. Your listing is visible to all users; those who have the asset on their Watchlist will receive a notification. Once another user accepts your order and completes payment, the proceeds are credited to your Bolero wallet. You can then reinvest those funds or withdraw them to a bank account.

Publishing rights protect the underlying composition, including the lyrics and the musical score, and are typically owned by the songwriter and/or publisher. Master rights protect a specific sound recording, the version of a song as performed and produced, and are typically owned by the record label or the producer. A single song can generate royalties from both types of rights independently. On Bolero, each asset specifies whether it covers publishing rights, master rights, or both.

The primary market is where new Song Shares and Catalog Shares are issued and sold for the first time by the rights holder. Purchases on the primary market have a minimum transaction amount of €25. The secondary market (the “Board”) is where existing holders can resell their assets to other investors at freely negotiated prices. The minimum transaction on the secondary market is €1.

The distinction is straightforward: your cash wallet holds euros (EUR), while your crypto wallet holds stablecoins (EURC). Every Bolero user is automatically assigned a dedicated crypto wallet by Bolero. If you wish, and provided you have completed your KYC verification, you can also connect an external wallet to your account.

Your accounting documents are available in the Consolidated Statement section of your account settings. From there, you can generate and download statements covering your full investment activity.

Royalties are distributed by the platform directly to your Bolero account on the payment date indicated for each asset. You can choose to receive your royalty payments in EURC (credited to your crypto wallet) or in EUR (credited to your cash wallet). A 3% to 6% processing fee is deducted from each payment before distribution.

The platform collects royalties on behalf of registered users. Based on the revenues generated by each asset and the type of music right (publishing or master), each asset grants a fixed share of royalties (%). At the frequency specific to each asset, the proportional amount is paid into your Bolero wallet, in EURC (crypto wallet) or in EUR (cash wallet), depending on your preference.

When you place a buy order on the secondary market, the corresponding funds are immediately debited from your Bolero balance and held in escrow until your order is matched with a seller. If you decide to cancel your buy order before it is filled, the funds are automatically returned to your Bolero balance.

To change or remove a connected external wallet, please write to our support team at support@boleromusic.com. We will guide you through the process.

To change the email address linked to your Bolero account, please contact our support team at support@boleromusic.com. Our team will assist you with the update.

To create an account and invest on Bolero, you must be at least 18 years of age. Bolero is available to residents of most countries worldwide, with the exception of those subject to international sanctions or regulatory restrictions. Excluded jurisdictions currently include: Afghanistan, Belarus, Central African Republic, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Russia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen, and Zimbabwe. If you are unsure about your eligibility, please contact us at support@boleromusic.com.

Royalties are paid at intervals that vary from one asset to another, ranging from every 30 days to every 6 months. The payment frequency is indicated on each asset's page.

Reselling shares takes place on the secondary market, which opens once all shares in a listing have been sold on the primary market. Once the secondary market is open, the process is straightforward: navigate to your portfolio or the asset's page and click "Sell". You choose the number of shares to sell and your asking price. Two scenarios are then possible: if a buy order already exists at your asking price, the sale will be completed. Otherwise, your sell order is published on the secondary market and remains visible until a buyer comes forward.

Fund deposits and withdrawals on Bolero are subject to geographic restrictions in line with our compliance obligations. The following countries and territories are not authorised: Afghanistan, Belarus, Bouvet Island, Central African Republic, Congo (Democratic Republic of), Cuba, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, North Korea, Russian Federation, Saint Lucia, Somalia, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe. If your country does not appear on this list, you are eligible to deposit and withdraw funds on Bolero. For any questions about your specific situation, contact us at support@boleromusic.com.

Bolero's infrastructure is built on several years of R&D and proprietary technology. It combines a unique system for the fractional representation of music intellectual property with a smart contract architecture deployed on the Base blockchain network. This ensures the traceability and immutability of all assets traded on the platform, as well as the accurate redistribution of royalties to all holders.

Returns are paid out either quarterly or semi-annually, depending on the asset. The payment frequency is specified on each asset's page before you invest. Payments are made automatically to your Bolero balance. No action is required on your part, provided your KYC verification is up to date at the time of distribution.

No. If a sell order is already open for a set of shares, it is not possible to place a second sell order on those same shares until the first one is cancelled. To resolve the situation, cancel the existing order from your account: Activity > Sell orders.

The royalty amount is calculated based on the total commercial revenues generated by the asset over a given period. It corresponds to a proportional share of those revenues, after deduction of a 3% processing fee charged by the platform. Past royalty payments are not a guarantee of future performance.

Bolero is currently available in French and English. Support for additional languages may be added in the future.

Asset valuation works differently depending on the market. On the primary market, the price per share is set by Bolero's teams and the issuer at the time of the listing. On the secondary market, valuation is driven by supply and demand: each seller sets their own asking price freely. To help you assess whether a price is fair, return indicators and the PRR (Price-to-Return Ratio) are updated in real time based on the unit price requested, giving you a clear indication of how the bond is priced relative to its returns, whether you are buying or selling.

It is not possible to reliably predict royalty amounts, as they depend on many factors including streaming activity, licensing deals, and market trends. As a general rule, the more a song is listened to, played, and grows in popularity, the higher the royalty amount per share. For historical reference, consult the 'Payment history' section on each asset's page. Important: past performance is not a guide to future performance.

On the primary market (new issuances), the minimum purchase amount is €25. On the secondary market (peer-to-peer trading between investors), you can buy from as little as €1.

There are no additional charges for asset holders. The platform deducts a 3% to 6% processing fee directly from each royalty amount, after collection and before payment to holders. The yield rates displayed through the interface are nets of fees.

Bolero does not yet have a dedicated mobile application on iOS or Android. That said, you can bookmark the Bolero website once logged in from your mobile browser to create a shortcut on your home screen, offering a convenient mobile app-like experience.

Exploitation periods define the start and end date between which commercial revenues are recorded and included in a given royalty payment. In practice, royalties paid typically relate to commercial revenues generated three months or more before the payment date, due to the time required for collection by performing rights organisations and distributors.

When you invest, the proceeds from each bond issuance are used directly to finance the acquisition of music rights from the rights holder, whether the composer, producer, or publisher who originally held those rights. Bolero does not hold, manage, or move any client funds: your capital finances the transaction with the creator, and that is where its role ends.

This does not mean Bolero is in active collaboration with every performing artist associated with a catalogue. The contractual relationship is with the rights holder, not necessarily the performing artist.

The underlying assets of Bolero's products are exclusively music rights. The artists themselves are never the underlying asset. You can learn more about our approach to creator partnerships.

The beneficiary of royalties is the holder of the asset on the payment date. If an asset is listed for sale but has not yet been purchased, the user who created the sell order remains the beneficiary of any royalty payment in the meantime. Note: royalties are not calculated on a pro rata basis and cover the entire exploitation period regardless of when the asset was acquired.

You can view your royalty payment history directly in your dashboard, under the 'Royalties' tab.